![]() ![]() This chapter presents case studies of Lyme disease and West Nile virus infection in relation to weather and climate. ![]() Climate change effects, however, are difficult to quantify due to the adaptive capacity of a population that may reduce exposure to vector-borne pathogens through such means as air conditioning, screens on windows, vector control, and public health practices. 8 Climate change has the potential to increase humanĮxposure risk or disease transmission following shifts in extended spring and summer seasons as dengue becomes more established in the United States. 7 In fact, vector populations capable of transmitting dengue have been present for many years throughout much of the southern United States, including Florida. In the case of the 2009 dengue outbreak in southern Florida, climate change was not responsible for the reintroduction of the virus in this area, which arrived via infected travelers from disease-Įndemic regions of the Caribbean. These include West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chikungunya virus. 4, 5, 6 In recent years, several important vector-borne pathogens have been introduced or reintroduced into the United States. The risk of introducing exotic pathogens and vectors not currently present in the United States, while likely to occur, is similarly difficult to project quantitatively. 2, 3 These complex interactions make it difficult to predict the effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases. Land use, demographics, human behavior, andĪdaptive capacity. For example, whileĬlimate variability and climate change both alter the transmission of vector-borne diseases, they will likely interact with many other factors, including how pathogens adapt and change, the availability of hosts, changing ecosystems and Uncertainty, largely due to two factors: 1) vector-borne diseases are maintained in nature in complex transmission cycles that involve vectors, other intermediate zoonotic hosts, and humans and 2) there are a number of other significant social and environmental drivers of vector-borne disease transmission in addition to climate change. However, models for predicting the effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases are subject to a high degree of Collectively, these changes may contribute to an increase in the risk of the pathogen being carried to humans.Ĭlimate change is likely to have both short- and long-term effects on vector-borne disease transmission and infection patterns, affecting both seasonal risk and broad geographic changes in disease occurrence over decades. 1: Introduction) that can affect disease outbreaks by altering biological variables such as vector population size and density, vector survival rates, the relative abundance of disease-carrying animal (zoonotic) reservoir hosts, and pathogen reproduction rates. 1 Climate change can result in modified weather patterns and an increase inĮxtreme events (see Ch. Prevalence of vector-borne diseases are influenced significantly by climate factors, primarily high and low temperature extremes and precipitation patterns. Pathogen development, replication, maintenance, and transmission geographic range of pathogens, vectors, and hosts human behavior and disease outbreak frequency, onset, and distribution. Vectors and hosts involved in the transmission of these infective pathogens are sensitive toĬlimate change and other environmental factors which, together, affect vector-borne diseases by influencing one or more of the following: vector and host survival, reproduction, development, activity, distribution, and abundance Median and range values encompass cases reported from 2011 to 2013 for babesiosis and from 2010 to 2013 for dengue.Ĭ Primarily acquired outside of the United States and based on travel-related exposures. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18ī Babesiosis and dengue were added to the list of nationally notifiable diseases in 20, respectively. Case counts are summarized based on annual reports of nationally notifiable Health Departments are required by law to report regular, frequent, and timely information about individual cases to theĬDC in order to assist in the prevention and control of diseases. Table 5.1: Summary of Reported Case Counts of Notifiable Vector-Borne Diseases in the United States. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |